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Victims of War Crimes

Jadwiga Dzido testifies at the Doctors' Trial at Nuremberg, December 1946

Concentration camp survivor Jadwiga Dzido shows her scarred leg to the Nuremberg court while an expert medical witness explains the sulfanilamide and bone experiments inflicted on her at Ravensbrück on 22 November 1942. The Doctors' Trial, 20 December 1946.

National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD. USHMM photograph pa11987. Public domain.

Women were the victims of war crimes throughout the Second World War, and the forms it took were many. They were raped and forced into military brothels. They were seized for slave labor in factories and fields far from home. They were used as subjects in medical experiments that maimed and killed. They were shot, gassed, and worked to death alongside the men, or in their place. What follows are a few of the documented cases, named here so that what was done to them is not lost in the count of the dead.

Vivian Bullwinkel

1915 to 2000

Lieutenant Colonel, Australian Army Nursing Service; the only nurse to survive the Bangka Island massacre.

Bullwinkel reached Bangka Island after the SS Vyner Brooke was sunk by Japanese aircraft in February 1942. On Radji Beach, Japanese soldiers ordered 22 Australian Army Nursing Service nurses to walk into the sea and machine-gunned them from behind, killing 21. Bullwinkel survived a bullet wound by feigning death, was later captured, and testified about the massacre at the Tokyo war crimes tribunal in 1947 as the only nurse to live.

Mala Zimetbaum

1918 to 1944

Polish-Belgian Jewish prisoner; Auschwitz-Birkenau interpreter and resistance member.

Zimetbaum, multilingual and assigned as a camp interpreter, helped fellow prisoners and joined the Birkenau underground. She and Edward Galiński escaped on 24 June 1944 to publicize the killings; recaptured on 6 July, she cut her own wrists with a smuggled razor on the gallows in a final act of defiance.

Gisella Perl

1907 to 1988

Hungarian Jewish gynecologist; Auschwitz-Birkenau prisoner physician.

Deported from Sighet to Auschwitz in May 1944, Perl was forced to work in the camp infirmary under Mengele. She performed clandestine abortions on pregnant prisoners, knowing pregnant women were sent to the gas chamber. After the war she emigrated to New York and built a second career as a fertility specialist, delivering thousands of babies at Mount Sinai Hospital.

Jadwiga Dzido

1918 to 1985

Polish political prisoner; victim of medical experimentation at Ravensbrück.

A Polish resistance courier arrested by the Gestapo in 1941, Dzido was subjected to sulfanilamide and bone experiments at Ravensbrück on 22 November 1942. She testified at the Doctors' Trial at Nuremberg on 20 December 1946, displaying her scarred leg as evidence against the SS physicians.

Researched and written by · Fortitude Research

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